PMC

A graphical representation of the end point error, and end systolic displacement, for a hypothetical LV material point trajectory. For illustration purposes we show 2D projections of the estimated trajectories, displacements and EPEs, viewed from a mid-ventricular short axis.

Task acquisition with ankle dorsiflexion. A: representative ankle end point data for a young and an older adult. Filled circle and triangle symbols represent the mean and SD of the movement end point of 100 trials for the young and older adults, respectively. The end point error and end point variability for both the position and time components of the task were greater for the older adult. B: overall data for ankle dorsiflexion end point error for young and older adults. Gray and black lines represent the raw (smoothed) performance of young and older adults, respectively. Open and filled circles represent the average performance of 20 trials for young and older adults, respectively. Both age groups decreased end point error with practice, and their rate of improvement was similar. The end point error was greater for older adults.

Univariate hazard ratios of the primary end point, secondary end point, and mortality for categorical mean systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP). (A) Mean SBP: P<0.001 for equal hazard of primary end point among all SBP groups, P<0.001 for equal hazard of secondary end point among all SBP groups, and P=0.11 for equal hazard of mortality among all SBP groups. (B) Mean DBP: P<0.001 for equal hazard of primary end point among all DBP groups, P<0.001 for equal hazard of secondary end point among all DBP groups, and P=0.22 for equal hazard of mortality among all DBP groups. The error bars denote 95% confidence intervals of the hazard ratios.

(A) Design of the polygons used in the homing task. (B) Example polygon depicting the homing error (error between start point and actual end point of participants walk), H = Homing point, point from which participants had to home to the starting point on their own, S = Start point, red dot = actual end point of participants’ path, grey dashed line H-S = ideal homing segment. (C) Pre- to post-training comparison of homing errors of belt wearing participants in the belt-on condition. For visualization polygons were superimposed and mirrored and/or rotated in a way that all of them end up below the dashed line which represents the optimal path from homing point (H) to starting point (S). An inward error could be observed in the position of the ellipse underneath the homing trajectory could be observed. (D) Effect of belt use (error in belt-off minus belt-on conditions, positive numbers indicate a reduction of homing error) onto homing error comparing pre- to post-measurement for belt wearing and control group. Error bars indicate SEM.